Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant Project Management Plan

Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant Project Management Plan Introduction Solar photovoltaic cells convert sunlight into electricity and many solar photovoltaic power stations have been built, mainly in Europe. As of September 2010, the largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the world are the Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant (Canada, 80 MW), Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park (Spain, 60  MW), the Strasskirchen Solar Park (Germany, 54  MW), the Lieberose Photovoltaic Park (Germany, 53  MW), the Puertollano Photovoltaic Park (Spain, 50  MW), the Moura Photovoltaic Power Station (Portugal, 46  MW), and the Waldpolenz Solar Park (Germany, 40  MW).[1] This proposal is for setting up a 50 MW (10 MW x 5 Phases) capacity solar photovoltaic power plant based on latest High Power Modules using cells consisting of Multi-Crystalline Silicon Technology / Tandem Junction Thin Film Technology, which has been successfully developed for commercial implementation and has been delivering reliable power generation around the world for some years now. The solar photovoltaic power project is proposed to be set up in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan, India which is one of the best suited locations in terms of higher annual direct normal insolation (DNI), favourable climatic conditions and land availability Some photovoltaic power stations which are presently proposed will have a capacity of 150  MW or more. Many of these plants are integrated with agriculture and some use innovative tracking systems that follow the suns daily path across the sky to generate more electricity than conventional fixed-mounted systems. There are no fuel costs or emissions during operation of the power stations. AIM This proposal examines the techniques of project management used in development of a solar photovoltaic power plant Project. The background of the project will be described including its planning, Execution, Operation Maintenance and Financial analysis a project; critical success factors for the project implementation are identified presenting an overview of project structure, methods, risks, etc. Objectives The objectives for the project are the successful completion of solar photovoltaic power plant, on budget, on time and safely. The objectives are also to develop world class project management best practices within the solar industry. Research Methodology The PMBOK Guide states that projects are composed of two kinds of process: project management processes and product-oriented processes (which specify and create the project product). Project management processes are further divided into initiating, planning, execution, controlling and closing processes. This proposal mainly concentrates on the core processes of planning, execution and controlling. The project management process groups depicted in figure 1 are initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing. Initiating defines and authorizes the project or a project phase. Planning defines and refines objectives and plans the course of action required to attain the objectives and scope that the project was undertaken to address. Executing integrates people and other resources to carry out the project management plan for the project. Monitoring and controlling regularly measures and monitors progress to identify variances from the project management plan so that corrective action can be taken when necessary to meet project objectives. Closing formalizes acceptance of the product, service, or result and brings the project or a project phase to an orderly end. Figure illustrates the relative depth, breadth, and interrelationship between these process groups. Planning Planning in organizations constitutes both the organizational process of creating and maintaining a plan; and the psychological process of thinking about the activities required to create a desired goal on some scale. As such, it is a fundamental property of intelligent behaviour. This thought process is essential to the creation and refinement of a plan or integration of it with other plans. It combines forecasting of developments with the preparation of scenarios of how to react to them. An important albeit often ignored aspect of planning, is the relationship it holds with forecasting. Forecasting can be described as predicting what the future will look like, whereas planning predicts what the future should look like. The above scenario is often used to describe the formal procedures used in the creation of documents, endeavour, diagrams, meetings to discuss the important issues to be addressed, objectives to be met and the strategy to be followed. Beyond this planning has a different meaning depending on the political or economic context in which it is used. There are ten core processes: scope planning scope definition activity definition resource planning activity sequencing activity duration estimating cost estimating schedule development cost budgeting Project plan development. The output from these processes project plans makes up an input to the executing processes. A distinction is made between the project plans proper and the project performance baselines. Executing Executing consists of the process used to complete the work defined in the project management plan to accomplish the projects requirements. Execution process involves coordinating people and resources as well as integrating and performing the activities of the project in accordance with the project management plan. The deliverables are produced as outputs from the processes performed as defined in the project management plan. Executing Processes Project Plan Execution performing the activities Complete Tasks/Work Packages Information Distribution Scope Verification acceptance of project scope Quality Assurance evaluating overall project performance on a regular basis; meeting standards Team Development developing team and individual skill sets to enhance the project Progress Meetings Monitoring and controlling Monitoring and controlling consists of those processes which have performed to observe project execution so that potential problems can be identified in a timely manner and corrective action can be taken place. When necessary to control the execution of the project. The key benefit is that project performance is observed and measured regularly to identify variances from the project management plan. Monitoring and Controlling includes: Measuring the on-going project activities. Monitoring the project variables (cost, effort, scope, etc.) against the project management plan and the project performance baseline. Identify corrective actions to address issues and risks properly. Influencing the factors that could circumvent integrated change control so only approved changes are implemented This must be done in an integrated manner at regular intervals, not in a haphazard, arbitrary way. Any significant departures from the budget and the schedule must be reported immediately, because these anomalies affect the viability and the success of the entire project. This will lead to adapting the project schedule, budget and/or work plan as necessary to keep the project on track. The project progress and changes must be documented and communicated to the team members in a consistent, reliable and appropriate manner for each level of the project team. Success criteria for project control Use the project plan as the primary guide for co-ordinating your project. Consistently monitor and update the plan. Remember that quality communication is a key to control. Monitor progress on the project against the plan on a regular basis. Get involved. Adapt the project schedule, budget and/or work plan as necessary to keep the project on track. Document project progress and changes and communicate them to team members. What monitoring should accomplish? Communicate project status and changes to other project team members Inform management (and clients or customers) about the status of the project Provide the justification for making project adjustments Document current plans compared to the original project plan Project Performance must be measured regularly to identify the variances from the plan. Variances are fed into control processes in the various knowledge areas. To the extent the significant Variances are observed. Adjustments to the plan are made by repeating the appropriate project planning process. Project reports should be: clearly state the current status of the project compare actual achievements with the planned target achievements draw attention to critical issues identify problems and propose solutions promote effective management and control Project status reports It is not simply a matter of keeping the scope from creeping, or a matter of completing the cheapest and fastest project; it is establishing the appropriate Scope and delivering the commensurate product, service, or result. All the above processes have been iteratively revealed/implemented during the Proposed Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant project, which was revealed below. Technology The proposed plant shall comprise High Power Modules using cells consisting of Multi-Crystalline Silicon Technology / Tandem Junction Thin Film Technology. Efficiency is varying from 6% 18%. Temperatures beyond 25oC have nominal effect on the efficiency of the modules. White Tempered Glass, EVA Resin and weather proof film along with Al frame is used for extended outdoor use. Lead wire with weather proof connector shall be used for output terminal. Both the technologies are standalone type which needs no external power or water source and hence is most appropriate for desert region of Rajasthan. Small amount of processed water or compressed air is required only for cleaning of the system. Indicative scope of work Electrical Supply, fitting, fixing of Solar PV Modules with appropriate module mounting structures and frames including overall planning and design of the power plant. Supply and installation of Junction boxes of appropriate standards with required protection and isolation system. Design, supply and installation of AC power conditioning units with all protections and controlling arrangement as per specifications to get the desired performance. String monitoring and MPPT features are included as per requirements. Interconnection of Solar modules, PCUs, transformers LT HT sides, LT switchgear, etc with appropriate cables and associated materials including supply of materials. Design, manufacture, supply, installation, interconnection and interfacing of computer aided data acquisition unit as per specification. Supply, installation complete earthing as required for AC and DC power system, PCU, LT switchgear, Transformer, all metallic cubicles, HT switchgear with materials as required as per relevant standards. Providing earth-mat and interconnection of array structures with earth pits in the PV array yard. Design, fabrication, supply, installation of LT power interfacing panel to evacuate power to the grid through PCUs with appropriate capacity circuit breakers, isolators, indicators, metering arrangement with selector switch, CTs, PTs, and copper bus-bars as per requirement in complete. Design, fabrication, supply and installation of plant monitoring desk to monitor the status of all major equipments through remote monitoring system including connection to all major equipments and status to be monitored. Supply of all other BOS parts e.g. cables, electrical, etc as per the Bill of Material (BOM) which is not covered above. Emergency DG Set 15 KVA with battery bank and battery charger. Metering device. Control Room and Others Electrical wiring in the inverter room, control room and array yard with supply of cables and wires, switchboards, switches, Junction Boxes, distribution boards for lights, fans, exhaust fans, power points for both 5 Amps and 15 Amps. Supply and installation of lightning arrestors for inverter room, control room as per relevant standards. Supply, fitting and fixing of CFL lighting fixtures, FL lighting fixtures, LED lighting fixtures for lighting indoor and outdoor various installations including array yard with required accessories. Providing of fire extinguisher and sand buckets complying with national or international safety standards. Civil Works for solar Systems Topographical survey Design and construction of appropriate foundation base for holding the module mounting structure with supply of all requisite materials, excavation, concreting, backfilling, shoring and shuttering, etc. Construction of power plant buildings including inverter rooms, control room as required, office, canteen, etc. Barbed wire fencing of 3m height for complete power plant and sub-station. Cable trenches, drainage, etc. Main gate, side gates and Security guard rooms. Erection and Installation of Power Evacuation Arrangement Erection, supply, installation and commissioning of fifty 0.415/33 KV step up transformers and three 33/132 KV step up transformers, 3 phase, 50 Hz, with associated switchgear comprising of circuit breakers, isolators, LT panels, CTs and PTs, etc including metering and protection like over-current, earth-fault, reverse power protection and controls, etc. Other Fixed Assets Furniture for inverter rooms, control room and administration/office. Pantry equipment, change room lockers, etc. Store racks and cupboards. Standard Mechanical Maintenance tools. Engineering and Project Management Design and Engineering Project Management and construction supervision Material Management Insurance during the project period. Project implementation schedule Based on international practices and technological advancements, it is estimated that first 10 MW capacity phase of the project will be supplied, installed and commissioned from project approval and additional 40 MWp of the project will be installed and commissioned in 60 months from project approval. Executing Executing consists of the processes used to complete the work defined in the project management plan to accomplish the projects requirements. Execution process involves coordinating people and resources, as well as integrating and performing the activities of the project in accordance with the project management plan. The deliverables are produced as outputs from the processes performed as defined in the project management plan. Total project shall be completed within 60 months in 5 (five) stages of 10 MW each from date of sanction of the project. The modules will be ground mounted and tilted 27 degrees to face the sun. The ground mounting will require a flat level surface and will be set into concrete. The modules will require an area that is unshaded from the sun. Any vegetation underneath the modules will need to be kept to a level below that of the modules in order to avoid shading. All the modules will be at least 1.0m from the ground. It is assumed that this is adequate to keep the modules above the height of sand deposition at the site during sand storm. Monitoring and controlling Monitoring and controlling consists of those processes performed to observe project execution so that potential problems can be identified in a timely manner and corrective action can be taken, when necessary, to control the execution of the project. The key benefit is that project performance is observed and measured regularly to identify variances from the project management plan. Monitoring and Controlling includes: Measuring the on-going project activities. Monitoring the project variables (cost, effort, scope, etc.) against the project management plan and the project performance baseline. Identify corrective actions to address issues and risks properly. Influencing the factors that could circumvent integrated change control so only approved changes are implemented In multi-phase projects, the monitoring and controlling process also provides feedback between project phases, in order to implement corrective or preventive actions to bring the project into compliance with the project management plan. Operation and maintenance Whether a solar plant performs well in the long term and remains technically available depends to a large extent on servicing and regular maintenance. This shall be carried out by designated electrical experts in conjunction with technicians from the respective component manufacturers. To keep all components optimally available, an electronic data processing unit in the solar power plant will permanently gather and evaluate all relevant performance data and possible error messages. Using target/actual comparison, data from the power plant shall be continually compared with data from an on-site weather station. Possible errors shall be precisely located and immediately passed on via email, SMS or fax to the relevant service technicians. They can then, from their workplace, conduct fault repair through on-line remote maintenance. Financial analysis Assumptions estimates The assumptions are made that suppliers will abide by the following: Provide Safe Working Condition Consistency of Processes Adhere to Design Standards Adhere to Standard Components Follow the Framework Agreements The proposed Solar Photovoltaic Power Project is of 50 MWp capacity. Estimated cost of the project is INR Rs. 17 Crores per MWp. (2.42 Million Pounds) The total project cost is Rs. 850 Crores (. Gross aggregate electricity generation has been arrived at 83.22 million kWh per annum. The capacity utilisation factor (plant load factor) is 19%. Project cost break-up means of finance Apart from machinery, installation and commissioning cost, interest during construction, financial institution fees and margin money for working capital is part of project cost. Project financial analysis has been carried out considering debt equity ratio of 70:30. Interest rate at debt part has been considered at 14.29%. Project Deliverables The project deliverables are based on the completion of project based on the following: On time On budget No accidents The fulfilment of original quality requirements Develop industry project management best practices that are measureable and repeatable Operational terminal both in the short and long-term Advantages The 89 pet watts of sunlight reaching the Earths surface is plentiful almost 6,000 times more than the 15 terawatts equivalent of average power consumed by humans. Additionally, solar electric generation has the highest power density (global mean of 170 W/m ²) among renewable energies. Solar power is pollution-free during use. Production end-wastes and emissions are manageable using existing pollution controls. End-of-use recycling technologies are under development. PV installations can operate for many years with little maintenance or intervention after their initial set-up, so after the initial capital cost of building any solar power plant, operating costs are extremely low compared to existing power technologies. Solar electric generation is economically superior where grid connection or fuel transport is difficult, costly or impossible. Long-standing examples include satellites, island communities, remote locations and ocean vessels. When grid-connected, solar electric generation replaces some or all of the highest-cost electricity used during times of peak demand (in most climatic regions). This can reduce grid loading, and can eliminate the need for local battery power to provide for use in times of darkness. These features are enabled by net metering. Time-of-use net metering can be highly favourable, but requires newer electronic metering, which may still be impractical for some users. Grid-connected solar electricity can be used locally thus reducing transmission/distribution losses (transmission losses in the US were approximately 7.2% in 1995). Compared to fossil and nuclear energy sources, very little research money has been invested in the development of solar cells, so there is considerable room for improvement. Nevertheless, experimental high efficiency solar cells already have efficiencies of over 40% in case of concentrating photovoltaic cells and efficiencies are rapidly rising while mass-production costs are rapidly falling. Disadvantages Photovoltaic are costly to install. While the modules are often warranted for upwards of 20 years, much of the investment in a home-mounted system may be lost if the home-owner moves and the buyer puts less value on the system than the seller. Solar electricity is seen to be expensive. Solar electricity is not produced at night and is much reduced in cloudy conditions. Therefore, a storage or complementary power system is required. Solar electricity production depends on the limited power density of the locations insolation. Average daily output of a flat plate collector at latitude tilt in the contiguous US is 3-7 kilowatt and on average lower in Europe. Solar cells produce DC which must be converted to AC (using a grid tie inverter) when used in existing distribution grids. This incurs an energy loss of 4-12%. Time Scale Duration/ Period Task/ Milestone Week 1 2 (01 14 Oct, 2010) Assemble common information through explore resources Week 3 (15 Oct, 2010) Research Proposal Assignment 1 Week 3 4 (16 28 Oct, 2010) Organize meetings and cart out reviews Week 5 7 (29 18 Nov, 2010) Gather and compile key Data Week 8 12 (19 Nov 23 Dec. 2010) Lettering and discussion with supervisor Week 12 13 (24 30 Dec, 2010) Review Week 14 (31 5 Jan, 2011) Review and submissions

Market segmentation Essay -- essays research papers

Market Segmentation This document prepared and presented by Business Resource Software, Inc. Market Segmentation The purpose for segmenting a market is to allow your marketing/sales program to focus on the subset of prospects that are "most likely" to purchase your offering. If done properly this will help to insure the highest return for your marketing/sales expenditures. Depending on whether you are selling your offering to individual consumers or a business, there are definite differences in what you will consider when defining market segments. Category of Need The first thing you can establish is a category of need that your offering satisfies. The following classifications may help. For businesses: Strategic - your offering is in some way important to the enterprise mission, objectives and operational oversight. For example, a service that helped evaluate capital investment opportunities would fall into this domain of influence. The purchase decision for this category of offering will be made by the prospect's top level executive management. Operations - your offering affects the general operating policies and procedures. Examples might be, an employee insurance plan or a corporate wide communications system. This purchase decision will be made by the prospect's top level operations management. Functional - your offering deals with a specific function within the enterprise such as data processing, accounting, human resources, plant maintenance, engineering design, manufacturing, inventory control, etc. This is the most likely domain for a product or service, but you must recognize that the other domains may also get involved if the purchase of the product or service becomes a high profile decision. This purchase decision will be made by the prospect's functional management. For the individual consumer: Social Esteem or Pleasure - your offering satisfies a purely emotional need in the consumer. Examples are a mink coat or a diamond ring. There are some products that are on the boundary between this category and the Functional category such as a Rolex watch (a Timex would satisfy the functional requirement and probably keep time just as well). Functional - your offering meets a functional requirement of the consumer such as a broom, breakfast cereal or lawnmower. Segmentation of Needs Then you should establis... ...ularly concerned with keeping employees informed and educated, so educational offerings are not of great interest. Strongly influenced by offerings that most closely deliver the 'end results' desired, even if they are not the most cost effective. Self Helpers - consistently defines/designs solutions to their problems, likes to acquire tools that help in the innovation process. Will usually consider new products/services, but the related concept must have been proven to be effective. Often consider just because they use a certain technology that is relevant to the development program they have underway. Will always want to review competitive offerings, but will usually choose the one offering the most effective 'do it yourself' features. Usually consider themselves technically competent and will expect very effective use of proven technology. Not especially inclined toward technically complex offerings, would rather have user friendly, but thought provoking, offerings. Conversion costs usually not a major concern if offering promises potential for innovation. Usually concerned with keeping employees informed and educated, so educational offerings are of interest.

J. Joyce Clay

James Joyce was a master storyteller who loved to create plot and thematic nature centered on character paralysis. His mastery came in his subtle ability to weave the main characters true essence of paralysis by slowly seeping it into the veins of the reader. Most of Joyce’s collection of stories casts men in the main role where he follows the male protagonist through strife. In Clay, however, the theme follows a woman and her trials of separation—a loss she denies is ever present due to her paralysis. As we attempt to unfold the meaning of James Joyce’s use of paralysis in his classic tale, Clay, one thing stands out. In most other published fiction, Joyce shows a preference to focus on the voice of the male character. Clay, however, is an exception. Here, his central character—the protagonist—is a female. Yet, just because the focus of most of his fiction is set aside for the male sex, does that mean he hopes to glorify this sex? Hardly. We must look into just how Joyce perceived the male character versus the female character in his stories. From one front, we can say that, by-and-large, because his protagonists were male, there was some gender stereotyping going on in the mind of our author. We must, however, look deeply into his use of paralysis as a central theme. This paralysis is not exactly a place people prefer to be. However, many of us can relate to suffering, pain, and loss. These are some of the reasons Joyce’s story Clay is profoundly telling. Another interesting point to consider is this: Was Joyce using men in the starring role as an opportunity to place them on an award-winning podium? Or, was this an opportunity to bash the male gender? So just what was his biased reasoning behind rarely using female protagonists? Did he stereotype the female persona? Were his stories a form of gender racism? In answering this, it is clear that the main character suffered, to varying degrees of emotional, physical, and social discomfort. These characters—male or female—were not something a reader would aspire to. So, just because the role of the female protagonist was rare in a James Joyce story, there is not sound evidence that he preferred the male gender over the female gender. It could be argued, for instance, that his focus on the troubled male was his way of bashing this sex. Surely glory was not an overtone in Clay or many of his other published works of art. So we go to the next question: Did Joyce treat women differently than his male roles? Some can argue that his paralysis-based stories were a chance for Joyce to belittle the female character. In Clay, Maria, our protagonist was viewed as almost distasteful to look at. However, Maria didn’t see it this way. At the very least, we can say that gender role stereotyping was prevalent. In looking at the female voice, we can see that he did place women in the mother/lover/wife role. In the male role position, we see that the character, Joe, is in a much freer position that Maria. Albeit Joe did have a disease of his own: alcoholism. But, Joe was also typecast in the head-of-household role, and the one who others reported to—even though he had a drinking problem. Yet, Maria was the protagonist, so the lead character is, obviously, going to be the sufferer anyway. What’s more important to remember is the fact that James Joyce placed all his characters in debilitating situations. So, sexism doesn’t seem a likely analysis behind the author’s reasoning for creating such one-sided male character-based stories. If someone is looking for a hero or role model, regardless of sex, they will not find it in Clay, or any of his short fiction paralysis-based stories. Joyce had deep reasoning behind staging the story of a maid and how she relates, reacts, and is portrayed by a family who she’s worked with for many years. Paralysis, once again, was Joyce’s underlying motive that created such magic on the page. Upon an initial read of this short classic, there appears to be very little action in the story, with the main thrust coming from emotion and thoughts surrounding Maria—our seemingly wafer-thin female who is loved and respected by those in her life, at least according to Maria. All the characters in the story, in fact, appear to lack any depth. The spiritual epiphany seems to be missing as well. Maria, as transparent as she first appeared, is shown to reveal herself as a charismatic person who has a gift for touching others. Joyce, once again, did this with clever wit. The author loved to move the reader along at a smooth, almost velvety pace. Then, almost out of thin air, he’d add tiny, silent bombs of description that spoke volumes about a character’s past. Maria, for example, is referred to as†¦ a very, very small person indeed but she had a very long nose and a very long chin. She talked a little through her nose, always soothingly†¦ Joyce, here, uses description of Maria’s facial features to tell so much more about her than the dimensions of her nose and chin. We are given a taste of her past: a soft spoken, generous woman who radiated joy in others by her willingness to aid her fellows in need. This radiating joy, however, is something that only Maria perceives. This dysfunctional means of viewing herself as lovely doesn’t become fully apparent until we are through with the story; for Joyce takes this entire process of painting Maria’s emotional state with slow, yet deliberate, remarks. Many times its the way he casts a scene and how the minor characters act or ignore Maria that truly adds color to his theme of paralysis. According to Maria, people saw beyond her less than charismatic nose and chin, seeing her shimmering inner beauty shine forth. It was her actions and unconditional devotion that created her beautiful persona. However, Joyce goes on to use a narrator who works more like a thief. This thief of a narrator tells the tale in a voice that leads the reader off-course so he can hide the wealth of the true theme and moral. For, beyond Maria’s long nose, the narrator goes on to describe Maria as a petite, small-boned and attractive woman. Joyce does this as our Maria—a woman who is valued as reliable, caring, and wise—gains pleasure by marveling over herself in the mirror. Joyce is so subtle that it doesn’t hit the reader until he or she is two or three sentence beyond the scene where Maria gets pleasure out of looking at the soft, gentle slopes of her frame. But only Maria sees herself as lovely. The story opens with positive embellishments by her tea-party friends. They say she is likable and hard-working, a woman with a knack for â€Å"keeping-house. † In effect, this is the minor characters way of patronizing Maria for her inefficiencies and trappings as a maid. Joe, a man she worked for, adds that she holds the standing of a â€Å"proper mother† whom he has formed a deep bond with. Joyce wrote, Mamma is mamma but Maria is my proper mother Joyce, of course, twists things up nicely by adding the fact that Joe has a drinking problem. So, how reliable is he? Yet, even with his joy for booze, Joyce ties it all together with such clarity that the reader is willing to excuse Joe’s drinking problem and accept him as a reliable source when he relates to how Maria has affected him. In comparison to other short stories by James Joyce, this is a rare example of a protagonist suffering from that subliminal paralysis who is actually liked by the other characters. Take Dubliners, for example. In Dubliners, the protagonist is viewed as shallow and lacking integrity. Maria, in contrast, receives preferential treatment by how the other characters voice their opinion of her. True they like her, but they also feel sorry for Maria. This is very empowering yet, at the same time, places the reader on a cliff of wonder. How can this woman who is viewed so highly be suffering from a life-long paralysis? Something is amiss. But what? This is what makes Joyce such a master at toying with paralysis. A more introspective look at Maria reveals the warped perception she sees in herself. How can a woman look at her own long beak of a nose with bulging chin and consider it glamorous? When she laughed, wrote Joyce, her grey-green eyes sparkled with disappointed shyness and the tip of her nose nearly met the tip of her chin. Although the narrative voice is not Maria, per se, we can see that she fancies her own image, as referenced earlier. Maria screens out the fact that it would be a stretch to say that someone was beautiful if the tip of her nose nearly kissed her pointy chin when she laughed. Joyce mentioned that people ignore her in the pastry shop. Plus, when she is on the crowded tram, no one—initially—considers moving over to make a seat for her. Chivalry, back in the morning of the twentieth century, was much more prevalent than it is today. So why would almost every man on the tram offer her no consideration? Furthermore, there is a man who recognizes her and he offers his seat. But he’s a drunk. Even the drunk had stealthy motives: The drunk stole her cake while on the tram, at least this is what could be inferred from the text. So, with careful examination, it becomes very clear that sweet little Maria, is not the person she feels she is. While on the tram, Joyce hit readers with the following description that parallels her life of solitude. She will always be more than one step shy of fitting into the mold of the American middle class. In the following statement, Maria is placed in yet another metaphor where she is going in the wrong direction in her life. Joyce wrote, The tram was full and she had to sit on the little stool at the end of the car, facing all the people, with her toes barely touching the floor. The paralysis becomes more apparent when we analyze Maria’s life as a single woman. She will never marry and is cemented—trapped—into working as a maid for the rest of her life. Joe’s family, somewhat secretly, mock Maria for living the life of a maid†¦. never to be someone’s maiden. In fact, the initial take is that the family truly loves her. As the family gathers, Joe attempts to show some tact by bringing up the notion of everyone should take a drink, just to loosen up. Joe, of course, wants more port, to feed his alcoholic vice. Yet, at the same time he infers that Maria, too, should take a drink. That way she can forget about her sorrowful life. Joe even insists that Maria take a drink. Maria, still blinded by her own faults, refuses the drink. As the story closes, Maria sings a few stanzas of a poem that speak of the fact that she will never live the wealthy life. This singing even brings tears to Joe’s eyes. The reader, once again, is left to wonder this: Is Joe sinking into the depression of alcohol? Or is he feeling sorry for Maria? That is left to the readers’ imagination. One thing is certain, though: Maria will never overcome the paralysis that stymies her.

crtical thinking paper - 1888 Words

There is a South African Proverb that states quot;Until lions write books, history will always glorify the hunterquot;. In his play quot;Los Vendidosquot;, Luis Valdez tries to become a lion and let the voice of Chicano history be heard. Luis Valdez does this in a satirical way by presenting the views and stereotypes that many American’s have had and continue to have, about Chicano’s in the form of a shop where Chicano quot;model/robotsquot; are sold. By presenting each Chicano as a robot and stereotype, Luis Valdez tries to earse of the quot;modelsquot; of Chicano’s that people have in their heads and tries to point out that there is a strong Chicano culture and a rich history that has been ignored by American’s for years.†¦show more content†¦Another issue that Luis Valdez discusses in quot;Los Vendidosquot; is the distinction made between being Mexican and being Mexican-American. A certain model in the store is described as being made in Mexico . Ms. Jimanez passes on this model because since the model was made in Mexico it is obviously not as good as models that would be made in the United States. To appease his client, Mr. Sancho points out another model that is the quot;apex of American engineeringquot;. This distinction between Mexican and American had another level to it as well. There were also those that considered themselves Mexican-American. This distinction was made by describing the two groups as Mexicano’s de Adentro (the inside) and Mexicano’s de Afuera (the outside). The group that considered themselves Mexicano’s de Adentro were trying to separate themselves from the new immigrants and gain some status in the Anglo world by looking down at the new immigrants. This tactic however, did not seem to be very effective as their was a tendency on the part of Anglo’s to homogenize all Chicano’s. The immigrants that had been recruited by Anglo corporations to come and work in the fields worked along side Mexican-Americans who considered the immigrants outsiders. This issue of citizenship is one of the mostShow MoreRelatedEssay on Flannery OConnor816 Words   |  4 Pagesbaggering her while making himself feel better about his awareness, regardless of how it made her feel, was his way of getting back at her. Julian does not like his mother. To him she is an embarassment, a burden and backwards to his new way of thinking. He himself, has learned to recognize racism, and argues against it. However, when his mother is the instigator, the issue becomes more personal, and he defends her. Some how like picking on my baby brother it is alright, but when someone else does

Does Atmospheric Pressure Affect Humidity

Does atmospheric pressure affect relative humidity? The question is important to archivists who preserve paintings and books, as water vapor can damage priceless works. Many scientists say there is a relationship between atmospheric pressure and humidity, but describing the nature of the effect is not so simple. Other experts believe pressure and humidity are unrelated. In a nutshell, pressure likely does affect relative humidity. However, the difference between atmospheric pressure at different locales likely doesnt impact humidity to a significant degree. Temperature is the primary factor affecting humidity. The Case for Pressure Affecting Humidity Relative humidity (RH) is defined as a ratio of mole fraction of actual water vapor, to a mole fraction of water vapor that can be saturated in dry air, where the two values are obtained at the same temperature and pressure.Mole fraction values are obtained from water density values.Water density values vary with atmospheric pressure.Atmospheric pressure varies with altitude.The temperature boiling point of water varies with atmospheric pressure (or altitude).Saturated Water Vapor pressure value is dependent on the boiling point of water (such that the values of the boiling point of water is lower at higher altitudes).Humidity in any form is the relationship between the saturated water vapor pressure, and the sample-airs partial water vapor pressure. Partial water vapor pressure values are dependent on pressure and temperature.Since both saturated water vapor property values and partial water pressure values are observed to non-linearly change with atmospheric pressure and temperatur e, then the absolute value of atmospheric pressure is required to accurately calculate the water vapor relationship as it applies to the perfect ideal gas law (PV nRT).To accurately measure humidity and use the principles of the perfect gas law, one must obtain the absolute atmospheric pressure value as a fundamental requirement for calculating relative humidity values at higher altitudes.Since the majority of the RH sensors do not have built-in pressure sensor, they are inaccurate above sea level, unless a conversion equation is used with a local atmospheric pressure instrument. The Argument Against a Relationship Between Pressure and Humidity Nearly all humidity related processes are independent of total air pressure, because water vapor in air does not interact with oxygen and nitrogen in any way, as first demonstrated by John Dalton early in the nineteenth century.The only RH sensor type that is sensitive to air pressure is the psychrometer, because air is the carrier of heat to the wet sensor and the remover of evaporated water vapor from it. The psychrometric constant is quoted in tables of physical constants as a function of total air pressure. All other RH sensors should not need adjustment for altitude. However, the psychrometer is often used as a convenient calibration device for HVAC installations, so if it is used with the constant for the wrong pressure to check a sensor that is in fact correct, it will indicate a sensor error.

The Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe - 1798 Words

Edgar Allen Poe s, The Cask Of Amontillado, is a between two enemies. It humorously portrays the foil of Fortunato, as he is led through the catacombs. Poe s humor is dark, sarcastic and very ironic, which quickly becomes a signpost of the tale. Poe sets himself apart from other authors in his works, based on how he depicts and encounters death. It accentuates the notion that at times, your worst enemy will appear as your best friend. Pride is the downfall of every man and the same can be said for Fortunato. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† starts out with Montresor, the narrator, saying, â€Å"Fortunato has hurt me a thousands time and i had suffered quietly†¦I promise myself that I would make him pay for this that I would have revenge.†(68).†¦show more content†¦Besides, there is Luchesi-.† Montresor does an excellent job of being Fortunatos’ friend and at the same time convinces him to continue drinking and telling him, â€Å"A draught of th is Medoc will defend us from the damps.† Montresor was not trying to defend either one of them, his only purpose was to place Fortunato into a higher state of drunkenness. Montresor causes Fortunato to become so drunk that while he was being chained to the wall by Montresor, â€Å"He was too much astounded to resist.† â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is filled with many ironies and also life lessons; such as know who your real friends are. Fortunato thought his real friend was Montresor when, in reality, Montresor was anything but his friend. Not only did Montresor fake his sincerity towards Fortunato, he was also vengeful and very intelligent in his actions to kill Fortunato. This is a tale about pride and revenge. Among the many ironies of the tale are three which prove quite striking. The first is obvious from the beginning lines: â€Å"The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge. You, who so well know the nature of my soul, will not suppose, however, that I gave utterance to a threat.† These lines are being delivered by the Narrator, Montressor, to his confessor, an unnamed priest. The confessor is the you of the second line: You, who so well know the nature of my soul.... The irony is thatShow MoreRelatedThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe992 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allen Poe had many pieces of literature, but one in particular â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† reflected his personality. It is a short story that can be read easily, and can take on many ironies. The several ironies can point to the fact that Poe himself was implanted into the story as he was a mysterious man. There are several characters with different personalities often interpreted as Poe hiding his dark side which would be â€Å"Montresor†. The other personality Fortunato could be that drunken personalityRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe953 Words   |  4 Pagesseek revenge. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is a short story by the American poet, edit or and story writer Edgar Allen Poe. This story is a tale of revenge touching on the darker sides of human nature and at what lengths a man will go to achieve vengeance. We are told by our narrator Montresor that he had been insulted by a wealthy wine connoisseur named Fortunato. Montresor picks him out of the carnival and lures him into his wine cellar with promise of a renown sherry wine, Amontillado. Fortunato is baitedRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe1052 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Allen Poe was one of the most famed authors of death, decay, and depression in the 18th century. Poe started his writing career during the Romantic literature period, a period focused on nature, emotions, and a fascination with the supernatural elements. As writers started to write in this new genre, works started becoming dark, with an eerie feeling and a tone of death. Out of the Romantic era came the sub-classification of the Gothic genre. Poe started to embrace this new genre an d his writingsRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe1204 Words   |  5 Pagesbest could, but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge† (Poe 1). This line draws the reader into the story by bringing up questions like, what insults could have been done to deserve such revenge? The uniqueness in the question itself is that it turns the table of a classic mystery or gothic story (Mcgarth). Instead of asking â€Å"who did it,† the question is, â€Å"why did he do it† (Baraban Motive for Murder in Cask of Amontillado ). Montresor uses Fortunato’s strengthens and turns them intoRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe851 Words   |  4 Pagesabout â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† Do hate someone, but act like they are your best friend to get something that you want from them? Edgar Allen Poe does in his story â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† as he uses Montresor to tell Fortunato’s journey to catacombs and how he â€Å"conceives and executes an ingenious plan... for revenging† Fortunato (Gruesser 129). In â€Å"The cask of Amontillado† Poe uses tone, plot devices, and the setting to present the theme of appearances masking reality. To begin, Poe uses one toRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe1025 Words   |  5 PagesJared Mourning English II Prof. Platt Thursday, March 3, 2016 Fortunato’s Misfortune In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† Edgar Allen Poe issues a warning that even your closest friends can stab you in the back when you insult them in the right way. Poe perfectly portrays the way someone you think is your best friend could just as well be your biggest enemy. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† Edgar Allen Poe uses Montresor’s point of view, plot, and symbolism to convey the cold, merciless man who is MontresorRead More`` Cask Of Amontillado `` By Edgar Allen Poe1505 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allen Poe was a writer who sculpted every detail to create his desired â€Å"theme†. His short stories are mostly representing the murder of a character. The murderer, who is the narrator, explains the plan for the murder. The narrator destroys the humans around him through his destructive mind. The reason for the murder is revenge and hatred. In â€Å"Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† Poe utilized â€Å"unreliable na rrators,† he even created similarities between murder and victim to establishRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe1492 Words   |  6 Pages McMullen 531-06 1 September 2014 Summer Reading The Cask of Amontillado In The Cask of Amontillado, by Edgar Allen Poe, Montressor is able to successfully manipulate Fortunato s arrogance and pride and use it against him as revenge. Montressor knows that Fortunato has a love for wine. Montressor tells Fortunato that he may have acquired Amontillado, a very nice wine. Montressor is not quite sure if the wine is Amontillado, but since Fotunato appears to be occupied Montressor saysRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe1723 Words   |  7 Pages Were Montresor’s action in The Cask of Amontillado justified? Is killing someone justifiable? In Edgar Allen Poe’s short story The Cask of Amontillado that question is one that could be asked. The short story is about a man named Montresor and his quest to get revenge on his foe Fourtando who has apparently insulted Montresor. Around the time of the carnival season Montresor leaves his house to go find Fourtando and get his revenge he tells none of his servants toRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado, By Edgar Allen Poe884 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† by Edgar Allen Poe, one finds the horror throughout its pages. The ideas of unexplained revenge and images of scenes only getting darker and colder cause one to have feelings of dread and disbelief. The protagonist, Montresor, has waited fifty years to tell his story, and one has to question the reliability of what he is saying. Questions of true justice and the power of an insult arise, only magnifying those ideas of horror. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado ,† one sees a

Nursing Far Reaching Profession

Question: Discuss about the Nursingfor Far Reaching Profession. Answer: Introduction It is worth noting that nursing is a far-reaching profession that needs to be accorded much attention. The health sector majorly entails issues regarding the patient thus codes of ethics should be observed at all time. The reason as to why standards should be found is because patients have their right that needs to be taken care of for the well being of their health. Nursing for a long time had been faced with challenges of ethical concerns that have led to patients feeling insecure in front of the Medicare providers who are believed to provide the best healthcare. Also, the professional codes of ethics, theories, and position statements are crucial to the nursing department in understanding their personal roles that are to be executed with or without being monitored. Specifically, the case of Kamil Samra, the physiotherapist is more or less the same with the codes of ethics nurses require to embrace. The fact that Samra can witness the use of banned performance-enhancing drugs by the players and the huge amount of cash to be issued to him by the club management to keep silence on the issue creates a great commotion to the nursing department. Worse still Kamil has the responsibility of taking care of his old parents back in Lebanon, therefore, leading to an ethical dilemma. Therefore in-depth analysis of ethics of nurses on the case of Kamil Samra is bound to provide a green light to the subject. Egan, McElmurry and Jameson (1981) postulate that professional codes of ethics governing the nurses dictate that nurses should highly value the quality of services they give to all the people. This case has it that nurses are supposed to be accountable for their actions in delivering real services to the patients. In this connection, they are expected to enhance excellent services provision by dictating the right medication to the patients according to the prescriptions emanating from the conditions of the patient's health. There have emerged cases where nurses are reported to provide wrong medication to the patients who end up killing them or weakening them further (Bekemeier Butterfield, 2005). This issue arises mostly due to ignorance and lack of competent Medicare. Therefore, to suit their skills and knowledge, nurses should be in the forefront to ensuring that patients receive best of their services. To add on that, nurses are entitled to firmly refuse to participate in the hea lth treatments that according to their standard of the profession are morally or religiously accepted. For the case of Kamil, players are provided with performance enhancement drugs, peptides that are supported by the club the coaching staff. According to rules and principles that guide the nurses, Kamil is aware of health complications that might arise to the players due to the continued use of those drugs. Therefore, despite the fact that Samra is to be offered with large sums of money to keep silent on the issue, he directly breaks the law by standing on health grounds that are morally unacceptable. For sure he has the burden of checking his aging parents in Lebanon but that becomes a weak or else vague ideology as far as health of involved people is concerned. Therefore, Kamil should tirelessly fight this malpractice to ensure players remain safe and sound. Cesanek, Stetson and Stewart (2010) indicate that nurses are guided by the codes of ethics that illustrate that they should value the diversity of the people. This is another basic guideline that assists the Medicare professionals to exercise their duties in an upright manner. The ethical aspect dictates that each and every nurse should respect the diversity of the patients or the interested parties (Tyer et al., 2009). In connection to that Medicare providers are entitled to acknowledging the values and beliefs of the people they are caring for without hesitating to apply the professional values that govern them. It is true that Kamil has been on contractual terms with the Australian Football League (AFL), yet he is a Lebanon native. It is expected of the club management to convince Samra to silence on the issue of drugs use because he is a foreigner and should not tamper with the activities of Australian people. That means, according to the club, he should accept the offer and deem the case closed. For certain nursing profession follows similar guidelines and undertakings that shape the healthcare providers to fit in all spheres of life. According to Mateu (2006), understanding the language, beliefs, and perceptions of people is critical, but to some extent, it is illogical to allow immorality to thrive on nationality and cultures of individuals. Hence, Kamil should try as much as he can to stop the vice irrespective of where he comes from and the vague beliefs of people which are ethically wrong. The codes of ethics guiding the nursing department dictates that nurses should value kindness and respect for self and others. This means that if nurses recognize their personal ethical values, it is also possible for them to comply with the value for others. In simple terms, Medicare providers should, first of all, accept that they are humans and the services they extend to the patients are just and fair in case the same treatments are provided to them in return (Berger, 2003). This issue becomes important because you cannot respect and show kindnesses to others if at all those values do not feature in yourself. Kindness and respect among the patients and Medicare providers create a good relationship that boosts healthcare provision to greater heights. Kamil Samra is a medical professional who apparently understands the dangers of consuming the banned peptides in the name of improving the performance of the players. Therefore, it is his responsibility to show kindness to the victims and teach caution the club management about the dangers of consuming the Thymosin beta-4 drugs. By doing so, he is directly saving portraying respect and kindness to the players by forming a good background for their current and future lives. Ideally, nurses are guided by ethical practice that indicates that they should value informed decision making. These Medicare providers in several circumstances are faced with the challenge of decision making specifically due to the existence of severe patients or relatives who dictate for the nurses on the steps to be taken for their patient (Mohr, 1995). This restriction of decision making is not concrete enough to render the health care provider weak to neglect decision making in contrary to the appropriate ethical guidelines. This means that there is a need for further verification of the information provided to the nurses by the relatives of the ill person or other related parties. This takes care of the future implications to the victims in case decision-making platform not tolerated. Similarly, nurses are not entitled to work under pressure in a manner that would lead to poor decision making. Therefore, coercion and unnecessary convictions should be eliminated for the provisio n of quality health services at all time (Moxham, 2012). Kamil Samra is seen to be confused because of getting himself in a serious dilemma that is bound to weaken his decision making capability. As a professional, he should make his decision concerning the use of peptides about the stated norms and principles of the nursing career. Consequently, if his decision to condemn the use of performance enhancing drugs is just, no one else should divert his reasoning from the truth. Different ethical theories pertaining nursing profession exist. Consequentialism posits that the right moral response is directly connected to consequence or outcome of the act (Duke Northam, 2009). This implies that the soundness of any action taken by the Medicare provider towards the patient or the related person is determined by the results of that particular action. For instance, Kamil quest to have the drugs banned out of the playground can only be realized by the club management after the players are motivated to play and win matches without boosting themselves with the peptides. Also, by taking corrective measures related to the drug introduction to the players, Kamil will be offering the victims an opportunity to express themselves, therefore, leading to a conducive environment for everyone. Deontology is related to the respect and rights, and duties that see individuals as ends in themselves (Robinson, 2003). It majorly focuses on intentions, rules, and obligations of pers ons. This theory in one way or the other directs someone towards doing the right thing. Conversely, it is immoral to follow the rules and be constrained to own obligations without questioning some activities by the delegated authority. Kamil understands that he is under the AFL management and this might reduce him to nothing because he is a minor character. In light of this theory, it is critical move break the bounds and act according to the rules guiding nursing profession. His obligation as a physiotherapist should reflect a genuine meaning of his job irrespective of prevailing external forces. Virtues are the value that one portrays while carrying out daily proceedings. The nursing department requires the Medicare providers to enhance the high level of positive attributes that determine the performance of their activities (Tarnow Butcher, 2005). Samra should respond to the drugs concern by ensuring that he displays virtues of honesty and kindness by claiming justice for the players. The principlism is another important ethical aspect in healthcare. It highlights justice, beneficence, autonomy and non-malificence all of which are moral principles. By portraying such noble elements, there is compatibility of individual, religious and societal beliefs. The principal is crucial to the Kamil case as fighting for the rights of the players will ensure justice is sought. Additionally, anti-doping rule will be followed to the latter hence ensuring just productivity of the participants. There exist legal considerations that healthcare providers must meet, failure to which severe penalties are borne by the involved individuals. According to Boutain (2005), Civil and criminal law address the issue of misconduct by the nurse to society or an individual. In this case, there are somber consequences that befall the culprits such as imprisonment and hefty fines. Further research done by Carpenito (2006), criminal activity undertaken by a particular nurse is highlighted as morally wrong, and it is prohibited by the law. This mostly happens due to the presence of negligent nurses who care less about the welfare of the patients. Mostly, these rare but severe cases are promoted through corruption whereby incompetent healthcare providers are absorbed into the public health sector. According to Grant and Vecchione (2011), there have been reported cases of doctor and nurses who give wrong medication to the patients hence affecting their physiological makeup and most probably caus ing death. In some instances, nurses are permitted to carry out minor operations such as midwifery, ending up causing unnecessary wounds to the patients. Traynor (2006) posits that civil law concentrates much on the duties and rights of private persons. It is against the law to interfere with the health of a sound person since this might bring in complications due to unwanted stimulation of body system by the drugs. By admitting the offer, Kamil Samra will be going against the law and principles guiding the nursing association. This is because the health of the players is sound therefore introducing performance boosting drugs will do more harm than good to the associated individuals. Again it is against the anti-doping rule of sports authority to exercise drug stimulation intake. According to Fowler (2016), it is unfair to integrate drug usage in the world of sports due to the many consequences attached to the practice. This paves the way for undeserved wins for the drug using team against a transparent team that has been investing heavily in the physical exercise arena. On the other hand, there might be losses to the team that makes use of the peptides due to the injuries they might cause to their opponents. This is biologically explained in that our bodies tend to overreact on the drugs thereby leading to the abnormality that influences our modes of behavior. Incase drug testing is done; the team might be suspended from participating in any of the sports whether local or international. By doing so, the lives of players who solely get their daily bread from sporting are put at risk. Therefore, it is wise for Samra to deny the offer for bettering the lives of his players. By treating the ill protagonists, Kamil is being paid, and that money can be used to nurture the aging parents thereby it makes no sense to allow some atrocities to happen in the name of big money. Conclusively, professional codes of ethics, concepts, and principles regarding the nursing profession have effectively been discussed. In light of values and other concerning revolving around the nursing department, it is crucial for every Medicare business to adhere to principles and personal reasoning aimed at bettering the lives of patients and other concerned people. The case of Kamil Samra has been analyzed therefore serving as an eye-opener to those nursing students who are preparing to exercise their skills in different career fields. In short moral behaviors should be enhanced at all time. References Bekemeier, B., Butterfield, P. (2005). Unreconciled inconsistencies: A critical review of the concept of social justice in 3 national nursing documents.Advances in Nursing Science,28(2), 152-162. Berger, J. T. (2003). Ethical challenges of partial do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders: placing DNR orders in the context of a life-threatening conditions care plan.Archives of internal medicine,163(19), 2270-2275. Boutain, D. (2005). Social justice in nursing: A review of literature.Caring for the vulnerable, 21-29. Carpenito-Moyet, L. J. (Ed.). (2006).Nursing diagnosis: Application to clinical practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Cesanek, M., Stetson, B., Stewart, S. (2010). Philosophy Statements Nursing.Philosophy. Duke, G. J., Northam, S. (2009). Discrepancies among physicians regarding knowledge, attitudes, and practices in end-of-life care.Journal of Hospice Palliative Nursing,11(1), 52-59. Egan, E. C., McElmurry, B. J., Jameson, H. M. (1981). Practice-based research: assessing your department's readiness.Journal of Nursing Administration,11(10), 26-32. Fowler, M. D. (2016). Nursing's Code of Ethics, Social Ethics, and Social Policy.Hastings Center Report,46(S1). Grant, P. D., Vecchione, J. J. (2011). Laws governing the workplace.Law For Nurse Leaders: A Comprehensive Reference, 105. Mateu, B. M. (2006). Advance statements: legal and ethical implications.Nursing standard,21(2), 41-45. Mohr, W. K. (1995). Values, ideologies, and dilemmas: Professional and occupational contradictions.Journal of psychosocial nursing and mental health services,33(1), 29-34. Moxham, L. (2012). Nurse education, research and evidence-based practice. Robinson, R. (2003). Ethical analysis.Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing,22(2), 71-75. Tarnow, K. G., Butcher, H. K. (2005). Teaching the art of professional nursing in the learning laboratory.Annual review of nursing education,3, 375-392. Traynor, M. (2006). Discourse analysis: theoretical and historical overview and review of papers in the Journal of Advanced Nursing 19962004.Journal of advanced nursing,54(1), 62-72. Tyer-Viola, L., Nicholas, P. K., Corless, I. B., Barry, D. M., Hoyt, P., Fitzpatrick, J. J., Davis, S. M. (2009). Social responsibility of nursing: a global perspective.Policy, Politics, Nursing Practice,10(2), 110-118.